What Is Margin Trading?

Lack of equity is a common problem among investors trading in the financial market. This situation contributes to the difficulty of conducting operations with securities and other assets. The reason for this situation is most often quite modest income received from investments. That is why investors look for different variants, the most actual among which is a margin provided by brokerage companies as a guarantee when taking a credit. It has its own characteristics and a number of disadvantages, with which a trader should be acquainted before making up his mind.

What is Margin in Forex Trading?

Margin is a fairly common term, which is often encountered by participants of stock and currency exchanges, in particular forex. For different economic spheres it has ambiguous interpretations, so it is recommended not to confuse margin in the foreign exchange market with concepts of other areas. Forex margin is a collateral amount that a trader must deposit with a brokerage company in order to obtain a loan with a specific maturity.

Capital provided under specific conditions can only be used when trading on the international currency market. It is also worth noting that the loan amount may be higher than the client's deposit. Margin most often takes the form of cash or securities transferred to a dealing center or intermediary. They are the insurance security for the creditor and the guarantee of return of the debt.

With the help of margin, the trader gets attractive opportunities for placing successful trades in large volumes. Faithful companions of collateral funds on the international currency market are such theses as:

• Lot. A parameter characterizing the volume of assets used by a trading participant. Due to the lack of ability to place orders with a large fund, intermediaries provide "leverage" to low- and mid-level investors.
• Pip. An index that defines the minimum unit for trading, the value of which can be affected by a financial instrument.

Different Ways of using Margin in Trading

Margin trading can be used to place two types of positions:

Long

It is used when a trader plans to earn on the growth of acquired asset price. The basic idea of margin trading in long positions is very simple: first it is necessary to buy cheap, and then sell expensive.

Prior to approving a trade, the brokerage company will automatically calculate the size of the investor's liquid portfolio and determine both types of margin. If the size of the portfolio is greater than the initial margin, the broker will calculate the maximum amount of the transaction. Otherwise it will not be possible to open a position.

To calculate the maximum possible transaction amount, the difference between the portfolio and the initial margin is divided by the long risk rate. After that, the position is opened, the trader is debited from the account and the purchased asset is added.

Then the amount of liquid portfolio is recalculated again and compared to the minimum and initial margin. If the size of the portfolio turns out to be higher than the initial margin, the investor can make the next transaction involving a loan. And if the amount of the portfolio becomes below the minimum margin, a Margin Call is sent to the trader.

Short

It allows one to receive income in case the value of a security decreases. According to exchange rules, an investor cannot sell assets he does not own. Therefore, the trader has to borrow securities from the broker to take advantage of the decline in price. Later, the assets have to be redeemed and returned to the brokerage company.

Trading short is more risky than trading long. This is because assets can rise in value indefinitely. Over time, its value can increase by 100%, 200%, 1000%, or even more. But there is no asset whose price will fall below 0. Therefore, the fall in value is limited to 100%.

Because of this, a trader who plays short positions finds himself in a more risky position than a person who invests funds counting on asset growth. That is why the short risk rate on an asset is always set higher than the long risk rate.

A trader should be especially careful when trading shorts. He should:

• Calculate the deal, switching off emotions and a desire to get a quick return;
• Carefully weigh the potential risks;
• Think about the size of possible losses in advance and set a stop loss to minimize losses.

Margin Trading: Examples

It's easier to understand the nuances of margin trading using examples with specific numbers.

Trading Long

A trader sees that the exchange rate of the British pound to the American dollar is 1.36. The investor thinks that the base currency will get stronger relative to the quoted currency and decides to make a deal with 1:100 leverage. To do this, the trader buys 100×100=10000 pounds for his $136.

The British currency has indeed risen, and the new exchange rate of the currency pair is 1.38. Then the investor sells the pounds he has. From each pound sold, he earns $1.38-1.36=0.02. But since the trader had a total of 10,000 British currency, his total earnings are $0.02×10000=$200 (net of spread and transaction fees).

If borrowed funds were not used, then British pounds would have been bought 100 times less. And then the earnings of the investor would be only 2 U.S. dollars instead of 200.

But in the case of the negative scenario, the trader's loss on margin trading would also increase. So, if the pound fell against the dollar and was quoted at 1.35, the investor would lose 1 cent for each pound. Then the loss would have been 0.01×10000=100 dollars. And if the trader had traded on his own, he would have lost only 0.01×100 = $1.

Trading Short

The investor believes that the particular stock is overheated and will soon become significantly cheaper. But he does not have these shares in his portfolio and therefore cannot sell them now at a high price. Therefore, the trader decides to sell short. To do so he borrows 40 shares from the broker at $260 each. In fact, the total amount of the transaction is $260×40=$10400.

By the end of the day the value of the share actually falls to $220. To buy back 40 shares, the trader spends $220×40=$8800. He returns the shares to the broker and earns $10400-$8800=$1600 (less the brokerage commission, spread, and asset fees).

And what happens if the forecast is not justified, and the stock price not only does not fall, but also rises? Let us assume that the price rises to $270. Then the trader will have to return the lent stock to the brokerage company, having spent $270×40=$10800. The loss on such a transaction will be $10800-$10400=$400.

Calculation of Margin

Let's assume that the risk rate of the share is 21,25%, and one lot of this security costs $4260,8. Then the initial margin for buying the lot will be $4260.8×0.2125=$905.42. This is the exact amount of margin that the investor must have.

Minimum margin is equal to half of the initial amount. In this case it will be $905.42:2=$452.71.

Calculation of the Maximum Lot Volume

Let us assume that the investor has $40,000 available on his account, and there are 200 shares with a total value of $80,000 with a risk rate of 40%. Now the investor plans to buy a security with a risk rate of 25%.

To calculate the maximum volume of a loan for this transaction, it is necessary to summarize the funds that can be borrowed against both the available funds and the already liquid shares. With this capital you can buy securities for an amount of 40:0,25 = $160,000. One can buy securities against the shares in an amount of 80x(1-0,4):0,25=$192,000. It seems that the maximum sum of the new trade can be 160+192=$352,000.

Margin Call and Stop Out

Margin Call and Stop Out are completely different operations, usually working in tandem. And their purpose is the same - to prevent the complete bankruptcy of the trader. The Margin Call operation is in fact a warning of a market participant that his deposit is not enough for the continuation of the transaction and he must urgently decide - to deposit if a trader is a risky person and wants to wait for the turn of events to get a return or to close all or most unsuccessful trades.

It is considered that the Margin Call is a telephone message (which has not been practiced for a long time) or a message by other means of communication between traders and brokers about the lack of funds in trading accounts. As a rule, such Margin Call operation has not been practiced for a long time. In its turn Stop Out is a certain level of losses at which the (most) losing trades are automatically closed.

In this case, a broker independently, without warning, closes the positions. Practically it is the same Stop Loss, but its value is usually defined by a broker. Stop Out is expressed in percent and is defined as the ratio of trader's assets (Equity) and pledge (Margin). As a rule, the minimum value of Stop Out at which the trades are forcibly closed is 20 percent.

And there is no contradiction in this. For example, you open a position with $200 on the deposit. Immediately $100 is smoothly transferred to the pledge. The amount of free funds is also equal to $100, the level is 200%. The market has changed direction, the trade went against you. At the achievement of a loss of -$100, you run out of free funds, but the transaction will not be closed. The point is that the Stop Out order is still 100%, since ((200 - 100) / 100) x 100% = 100%.

The loss increases and reaches a value of -$180. In this case, Stop Out = ((200 - 180) / 100) x 100% = 20%. At this level of loss, the transaction is terminated automatically, as a Stop Out is triggered. Thus, only $20 will remain in your account, although the deposit was returned in full.

On the one hand, Margin Call and Stop Out orders help the trader to avoid bankruptcy, i.e. their accounting may seem positive. But on the other hand, the presence of such operations can provoke unjustified risk when expecting the market to turn in the other direction. There is a probability of inability to open a position even with a minimum lot, if Stop Out starts to trigger several unsuccessful positions, and in this case, the margin level will increase.

Pros and Cons of Margin Trading

Margin Trading has a lot of advantages, including:

Multiple increases in the size of potential income. Even if an investor does not have a large initial capital, the margin trading will help to earn a significant amount of funds. And the bigger the leverage, the higher the return.

It is possible to earn a good income in a bear market when prices on different securities fall. With your funds, you can trade safely only at a bullish trend, when the situation on the market is generally favorable, and the value of assets is constantly growing. But with a margin loan traders can open short positions in the hope of falling in the value of the asset and receive a decent income by trading on the short side.

The appearance of additional funds for competent asset management. For example, with the help of margin trading, it is easy to hedge your instruments, i.e. to open positions in the financial market in such a way as to compensate for the positions that are already open.

But for all its advantages, margin trading is still a pretty risky business. After all, when using leverage investors risk increasing the number of possible losses in case of placing a losing trade. Moreover, the bigger the leverage, the stronger can "sink" the deposit or even plummet to zero.

Other disadvantages of margin trading are as follows:

The need to pay for the use of borrowed funds, as well as to give a broker fee for transferring an unclosed transaction to another day. If a person is unlucky and the value did not change in the right direction, then he will either have to close the transaction with a loss or transfer the open position to the next day. And for the transfer of positions brokerage companies charge a fee, which for many is quite substantial. While intraday fees may not be available at all.

Conclusion

Margin trading is a useful tool, with the help of which an investor attracts substantial borrowed funds to be able to achieve additional gains. However, trading with high leverage carries high risks, so it should be used by experienced traders.

Novice traders, who are not yet able to manage capital and correctly predict the movement of prices, should use margin trading with low leverage. In this case, a trader has a good opportunity to increase earnings  and the risk of losing the invested capital is minimized.

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